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english装饰画,style 和 fashion 的区别

时间:2023-10-04 作者:婕舒


今天给各位分享english装饰画的知识,其中也会对style 和 fashion 的区别进行解释,如果能碰巧解决你现在面临的问题,别忘了关注本站,现在开始吧!

style 和 fashion 的区别

style

[stail]

n.

风格,时尚,文体,风度,类型,字体

vt.

称呼,设计,使合潮流

使铁笔作装饰画

style

style

AHD:[stºl]

D.J.[sta!l]

K.K.[sta!l]

n.(名词)

Thewayinwhichsomethingissaid,done,expressed,orperformed:

风格:说话、做事、表达及表演的一种方法:

astyleofspeechandwriting.

演讲与写作的风格

Thecombinationofdistinctivefeaturesofliteraryorartisticexpression,execution,orperformancecharacterizingaparticularperson,group,school,orera.

独特的风格,体裁:一个人、一群人、流派或一个时代的文学与艺术表达、其作品特征的总和

Sort;type:

类,类型:

astyleoffurniture.

家具种类

Aqualityofimaginationandindividualityexpressedinone'sactionsandtastes:

作风:一个人的行为及品位所表现出的想象及个体之特性:

doesthingswithstyle.

做事很有个性

Acomfortableandelegantmodeofexistence:

体面:舒适优雅的生活方式:

livinginstyle.

过着豪华的生活

Amodeofliving:

生活方式:

thestyleoftheveryrich.

巨富们的生活方式

Thefashionofthemoment,especiallyofdress;vogue.

时髦:尤指衣服之款式;流行

Aparticularfashion:

一种特定的款式:

thestyleofthe1920's.SeeSynonymsatfashion

20世纪20年代的流行款式参见fashion

Acustomarymannerofpresentingprintedmaterial,includingusage,punctuation,spelling,typography,andarrangement.

体例:印刷时以采用的习惯方式,包括铅字、标点、拼写、字体及排版

Aformofaddress;atitle.

称呼,头衔

Animplementusedforetchingorengraving.

雕刻刀,刀笔

Aslender,pointedwritinginstrumentusedbytheancientsonwaxtablets.

尖笔:古代人用来在蜡板上写字的尖利细长的书写工具

Theneedleofaphonograph.

留声机的唱针

Thegnomonofasundial.

日晷仪的指针

BotanyTheusuallyslenderpartofapistil,situatedbetweentheovaryandthestigma.

【植物学】花柱:位于子房及柱头之间的,雌蕊之通常较细的部分

ZoologyAslender,tubular,orbristlelikeprocess:

【动物学】尾片:纤细管状的,或硬毛般的突起:

acartilaginousstyle.

软骨质突起

MedicineAsurgicalprobinginstrument;astylet.

【医学】通管针:一种外科用探针

ObsoleteApen.

【废语】钢笔

v.tr.(及物动词)

styled,styl.ing,styles

Tocallorname;designate:

称呼:称为,叫做;指称:

GeorgeVIstyledhisbrotherDukeofWindsor.

乔治六世称他哥哥为温莎公爵

Tomakeconsistentwithrulesofstyle:

整理:使按一定格式连贯:

styleamanuscript.

整理手稿

Togivestyleto:

照流行式样制成…:

stylehair.

整梳发型

MiddleEnglish

中古英语

fromOldFrench

源自古法语

fromLatinstylus,stilus[spike,pointedinstrumentusedforwriting,style]*seestylus

源自拉丁语stylus,stilus[长钉尖利的书写工具]*参见stylus

styl“er

n.(名词)

styl“ing

n.(名词)

style

[stail]

n.

风格,作风,体裁,式样

文体;说话态度[语调]

模样;风采;品格

称呼,称号

历法

铁笔;铅笔;雕刻刀;唱针

时髦(式样);生活方式

【植】花柱;【动】尾片;节芒,尾须;产卵器

ademocraticstyle

民主作风

theepicstyle

史诗体

theOldS-(=JulianCalendar)

西洋旧历

theNewS-(=GregorianCalendar)

新历(即现在通用的阳历)

style

[stail]

vt.

称呼,命名,设计(时新样式)

stylebook

[`staIlbJk]

n.

样本;式样书

styleless

adj.

stylelike

adj.

styler

n.

stylewise

adv.

[俚]就时式而言

style

[stail]

adj.

精于时式的

comeintostyle

变得时髦;流行起来

crampsb.'sstyle

使某人觉得不自由,妨碍某人

highstyle

(女人服装的)时髦式样,新款式

instyle

别具风格地,时髦地;很成功地

inthestyleof

仿...式

like[asif]it'sgoingoutofstyle[fashion]

[口](象过时的东西一样)不值钱;毫不爱惜

liveinstyle

过豪华生活

outofstyle

不时髦的,不时新的

putonstyle

摆架子,妄自尊大

setthestyle

(合唱前的)示音;起示范作用

That'sthestyle.

[口](表示赞同)这正对路;正是如此。

Thestyleistheman.

[谚]文如其人。

the[that]styleofthing

那样的事,说法,做法,事件

all-outattackingstyle

全攻型

analstyle

尾针(同翅目)

archstyle

拱式

architecturalstyle

建筑风格

artisticstyle

艺术风格

aviatorstyle

航空式短茄克衫

basilarstyle

基生花柱

butterflystyle

蝴蝶式(守门员的分腿站立姿势)

calligraphicstyle

书法风格;类似流畅的书法的绘画风格

caudalstyle

尾杆

characterstyle

字体

classicstyle

古典派风格

cognitivestyle

认知方式,认知格调

colloquialstyle

会话体,口语风格

curvilinearstyle

曲线式

decoratedstyle

装饰风格

Europeanstyle

欧洲式(低蹲,步幅大,很少摆臂)

familiarstyle

简体,非正式文体

formalstyle

正式文体

genitalstyle

外生殖突

give-and-gostyle

“传、切”打法(带球队员短传出球后切入篮下)

individualstyle

个人风格

informalstyle

非正式文体

internationalstyle

国际式

landscapestyle

风景式,园林式

lateralstyle

侧生花柱

learningstyle

学习风格[方式]

lifestyle

生活方式

openstyle

开放式仓储,开敞式

painterlystyle

油画感;油画般的风格

pipingstyle

管式仓储

pointedstyle

哥特式建筑风格(以尖顶拱门为特色)

programmingstyle

程序设计式样[格式]

structuralstyle

结构形式

teacherstyle

教师风度[格]

terminalstyle

顶生花柱

threecolor-glazeTangstyle

唐三彩

transactionalstyle

教师影响学生的作用,教师风格

up-to-datestyle

现代式

yachtingstyle

新艺术运动风格

styleofbinding

装订型式

styleofcutting

采伐方式

styleofpronunciation

发音的方式

styleofwriting

文风

见fashion

style

style

AHD:[stºl]

D.J.[sta!l]

K.K.[sta!l]

n.

Thewayinwhichsomethingissaid,done,expressed,orperformed:

astyleofspeechandwriting.

Thecombinationofdistinctivefeaturesofliteraryorartisticexpression,execution,orperformancecharacterizingaparticularperson,group,school,orera.

Sort;type:

astyleoffurniture.

Aqualityofimaginationandindividualityexpressedinone'sactionsandtastes:

doesthingswithstyle.

Acomfortableandelegantmodeofexistence:

livinginstyle.

Amodeofliving:

thestyleoftheveryrich.

Thefashionofthemoment,especiallyofdress;vogue.

Aparticularfashion:

thestyleofthe1920's.SeeSynonymsatfashion

Acustomarymannerofpresentingprintedmaterial,includingusage,punctuation,spelling,typography,andarrangement.

Aformofaddress;atitle.

Animplementusedforetchingorengraving.

Aslender,pointedwritinginstrumentusedbytheancientsonwaxtablets.

Theneedleofaphonograph.

Thegnomonofasundial.

BotanyTheusuallyslenderpartofapistil,situatedbetweentheovaryandthestigma.

ZoologyAslender,tubular,orbristlelikeprocess:

acartilaginousstyle.

MedicineAsurgicalprobinginstrument;astylet.

ObsoleteApen.

v.tr.

styled,styl.ing,styles

Tocallorname;designate:

GeorgeVIstyledhisbrotherDukeofWindsor.

Tomakeconsistentwithrulesofstyle:

styleamanuscript.

Togivestyleto:

stylehair.

MiddleEnglish

fromOldFrench

fromLatinstylus,stilus[spike,pointedinstrumentusedforwriting,style]*seestylus

styl“er

n.

styl“ing

n.

style

来自拉丁语stilus;希腊语stylos

fashion

[5fAFEn]

n.

样子,方式,流行,风尚,时样

vt.

形成,造,作,把...塑造成,使适应,使适合,改革,改变

fashion

fash.ion

AHD:[f²sh“…n]

D.J.[6f#.*n]

K.K.[6f#.*n]

n.(名词)

Theprevailingstyleorcustom,asindressorbehavior:

风格,时尚:衣着或举止方面流行的式样或习俗:

outoffashion.

过时

Something,suchasagarment,thatisinthecurrentmode:

时髦:一些流行式样的东西,如衣服:

Herdressisthelatestfashion.

她的晚礼服是最新式样

Thestylecharacteristicofthesocialelite:

上流社会:具有社会精华特点的方式:

amanoffashion.

上流社会的人

Mannerormode;way:

方式;方法:

Setthetableinthisfashion.

将桌子这样放

Apersonal,oftenidiosyncraticmanner:

个人方式:一种个人的,通常是个人癖好的方式:

playedtheviolininhisowncuriousfashion.

以他独有的奇特方式演奏小提琴

Kindorvariety;sort:

种类或类别;样子:

peopleofallfashions.

各式各样的人

Shapeorform;configuration.

形状或构成;结构

v.tr.(及物动词)

fash.ioned,fash.ion.ing,fash.ions

Togiveshapeorformto;make:

形成或构成;制造:

fashionedatablefromaredwoodburl.

将红木树瘤制成桌子

Totrainorinfluenceintoaparticularstateorcharacter.

塑造:通过训练、影响使形成特定的状态或性格

Toadapt,astoapurposeoranoccasion;accommodate.

使适应:因某种目的或机会而适应;使适应

ObsoleteTocontrive.

【废语】图谋

afterafashion或

inafashion

Insomewayorother,especiallytoalimitedextent:

勉强,马马虎虎:多少有一点儿,特指在某种受限制的范围内:

Shesingsafterafashion.

她勉强会唱一点

MiddleEnglishfacioun

中古英语facioun

fromOldFrenchfaçon[appearance,manner]

源自古法语façon[外貌,方式]

fromLatinfacti½}facti½n-[amaking]

源自拉丁语facti½}facti½n-[一个成因]

fromfactus[pastparticipleof]facere[tomake,do]*seedh¶-

源自factus[]facere的过去分词[成为,做]*参见dh¶-

fash“ioner

n.(名词)

fashion,style,mode,vogue

Thesenounsrefertoaprevailingorpreferredmannerofdress,adornment,behavior,orwayoflifeatagiventime.

这些名词指衣服、装饰、行为或生活方式在特定时间里流行或为众人喜爱的方式。

Fashion,thebroadestterm,usuallyreferstowhataccordswithconventionsadoptedbypolitesocietyorsetbythoseintheforefrontoftheartisticorintellectualsphere:

Fashion用法最广,通常指那些与礼仪社会所采用的惯例或由艺术或知识领域的先锋所建立的相合的东西:

wearsclothesintheheightoffashion;

穿着新潮时装;

atimewhenpopartwasverymuchinfashion.

一个流行音乐成为时尚的年代。

Styleissometimesusedinterchangeablywithfashion(

Style有时与fashion交替使用(

agownthatisoutofstyle),butstyle,likemode,oftenstressesadherencetostandardsofelegance:

一件过时的衣服),但是style象mode一样通常强调坚持风雅的水准:

Thecoupletravelsinstyle.

这对夫妻符合时尚地旅游。

Miniskirtswerethemodeinthelatesixties.

迷你裙是六十年代后期的时尚。

Vogueisappliedtofashionthatprevailswidely(

Vogue指流行很广的方式(

thevoluptuousfigureinvogueatthetimeofRubens);thetermoftensuggestsenthusiasticbutshort-livedacceptance(

鲁本斯时代时髦的肉感身材);这个词通常暗含有狂热但为时很短的接受(

agamethatenjoyedavogueinitsday).SeealsoSynonymsatmethod

一种流行于它的时代的游戏)参见同义词method

fashion

[5fAFEn]

n.

样子;方式;型式;风格

流行式样;时髦,时兴;风尚,风气

[thefashion]风行一时的事物;红人,名流(尤指以服装特殊或行为特殊而驰名)

(资本主义社会中的)上流社会

[古]种类

actaftersb.'sfashion

照某人的样子去做

thelatestfashions

(服装等的)最新式样

theworldoffashion

社交界

amanoffashion

有名人物

behaveinastrangefashion

举动奇怪

Itisnotthefashionto(do)...

现在不时兴了。

fashion

[5fAFEn]

vt.

形成;铸成;制作;把...塑造成(into,to)

使适合,使适应(to)

改变,改革

fashiontheclayintobricks

把泥土制成砖头

fashionsb.intoafinesportsman

把某人培养成优秀运动员

fashion-part

n.

定型部件

fashioned

adj.

...式的

fashionist

n.

时装的制作者、倡导者或追求者

afterafashion

勉强;马马虎虎;多少还...一点

inafashion

勉强;马马虎虎;多少还...一点

afterone'sfashion

按照自己的意思

afterthefashion

时髦的,流行的

afterthefashionof

模仿;照着...的样子

beallthefashion

(服装等)极时髦;风行一时

bein(the)fashion

合乎时尚,流行的

beoutof(the)fashion

(人、物)不合时尚;不流行

bringintofashion

使流行

comeintofashion

流行起来,开始风行

growintofashion

流行起来,开始风行

followthefashion

赶时髦

gooutoffashion

过时

intheoldfashion

照旧,照老样子

inthisfashion

照这样

setthefashion

开风气之先;创先例

leadthefashion

开风气之先;创先例

shipshapeandBristolfashion(=inBristolfashion)

整整齐齐,井井有条

fashionstyle

都含“时式”,“式样”的意思。

fashion系一般用语,指“一时或某一团体中流行的习尚”,如:

Thiskindofdressisnowinfashion.

这种衣服现在很时髦。

style常用来代替fashion,但主要指“高雅”,如:

Thatdressissuchagoodstyleitwillbefashionableforyears.

这衣服的样式如此雅致,一定会流行好几年。

fashion

fash.ion

AHD:[f²sh“…n]

D.J.[6f#.*n]

K.K.[6f#.*n]

n.

Theprevailingstyleorcustom,asindressorbehavior:

outoffashion.

Something,suchasagarment,thatisinthecurrentmode:

Herdressisthelatestfashion.

Thestylecharacteristicofthesocialelite:

amanoffashion.

Mannerormode;way:

Setthetableinthisfashion.

Apersonal,oftenidiosyncraticmanner:

playedtheviolininhisowncuriousfashion.

Kindorvariety;sort:

peopleofallfashions.

Shapeorform;configuration.

v.tr.

fash.ioned,fash.ion.ing,fash.ions

Togiveshapeorformto;make:

fashionedatablefromaredwoodburl.

Totrainorinfluenceintoaparticularstateorcharacter.

Toadapt,astoapurposeoranoccasion;accommodate.

ObsoleteTocontrive.

afterafashionor

inafashion

Insomewayorother,especiallytoalimitedextent:

Shesingsafterafashion.

MiddleEnglishfacioun

fromOldFrenchfaçon[appearance,manner]

fromLatinfacti½}facti½n-[amaking]

fromfactus[pastparticipleof]facere[tomake,do]*seedh¶-

fash“ioner

n.

fashion,style,mode,vogue

Thesenounsrefertoaprevailingorpreferredmannerofdress,adornment,behavior,orwayoflifeatagiventime.

Fashion,thebroadestterm,usuallyreferstowhataccordswithconventionsadoptedbypolitesocietyorsetbythoseintheforefrontoftheartisticorintellectualsphere:

wearsclothesintheheightoffashion;

atimewhenpopartwasverymuchinfashion.

Styleissometimesusedinterchangeablywithfashion(

agownthatisoutofstyle),butstyle,likemode,oftenstressesadherencetostandardsofelegance:

Thecoupletravelsinstyle.

Miniskirtswerethemodeinthelatesixties.

Vogueisappliedtofashionthatprevailswidely(

thevoluptuousfigureinvogueatthetimeofRubens);thetermoftensuggestsenthusiasticbutshort-livedacceptance(

agamethatenjoyedavogueinitsday).SeealsoSynonymsatmethod

fashion

源自拉丁语factio

fashion

createcustomformmakemodemoldshapestylevogue

abstract用法

abstract,英文单词,形容词、名词、动词,作形容词时意思为“纯理论的;抽象的;抽象派的”,作名词意思为“摘要;抽象;抽象的概念;抽象派艺术作品”,作动词时意思为“摘要;提取;抽象化;退出;转移;使心不在焉”。

abstract释义以及用法如下:

1、ADJ-GRADED抽象的;纯概念的

Itishardtothinkabstractlyintheseconditions.

在这样的情况下进行抽象思维很困难。

2、PHRASE大体上;理论上;抽象地

Moneywasacommoditysheneverthoughtaboutexceptintheabstract.

钱对她来说就是个抽象的东西,她从不去想钱。

3、ADJ(名词)抽象的,表示抽象概念的

abstractwordssuchasglory,honor,andcourage.

抽象名词,如光荣、荣耀和勇气

4、ADJ-GRADED(艺术)抽象(派)的

amodernabstractpainting.

一幅现代派抽象画

5、N-COUNT抽象派艺术作品

Anabstractisanabstractworkofart.

6、N-COUNT摘要;梗概

Anabstractofanarticle,document,orspeechisashortpieceofwritingthatgivesthemainpointsofit.

7、VERB提取;抽取;摘取

alicencetoabstractwaterfromtheRiverAxe

从阿克斯河中抽水的许可证

abstract发音:英[??bstr?kt,?b?str?kt]美[??bstr?kt,?b?str?kt

abstract第三人称单数:abstracts;复数:abstracts;现在分词:abstracting;过去式:abstracted;过去分词:abstracted

abstract短语搭配:

abstractsystem[自]抽象系统;抽象体系;翻译

abstractthinking抽象思维;抽象思考;性思考

abstractpainting抽象画;抽象绘画;抽象油画;抽象画酒店装饰画

abstractgood抽象产品

EnglishAbstract英文摘要;英文文摘;英语摘要;中文摘要

abstractspace抽象空间;抽象的空间;详细

扩展资料:

同义词辨析:abstractconceptualtheoretical导航词义:抽象的

1、abstractadj.抽象的,纯理论的

〔辨析〕强调抽象性。

〔例证〕

Abstractideassometimescannotmatchfacts.

抽象概念有时会与事实不符。

2、conceptualadj.[正式]概念(上)的,观念(上)的

〔辨析〕强调概念性的。

〔例证〕

Thisconceptualtheorycomesfrompracticalexperience.

这一概念性理论源于实践经验。

3、theoreticaladj.理论的;理论上的

〔辨析〕强调基于理论而非实践经验的。

〔例证〕

Hebelievesonlytheoreticalsciencecancreatemiracles.

他认为唯有理论科学才能创造奇迹。

Hieronymus Bosch的详细资料

HieronymusBosch

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Jumpto:navigation,search

FortheliterarycharactercreatedbyMichaelConnelly,seeHarryBosch.

FortheNewZealandband,seeHieronymusBosch(band).

HieronymusBosch

HieronymusBosch;allegedself-portrait(around1516)[1]

BirthnameJheronimusvanAken

Born2October,1453

Died9August,1516

's-Hertogenbosch,TheNetherlands

FieldPainting,drawing

MovementRenaissance

WorksTheGardenofEarthlyDelights

TheTemptationofSt.Anthony

TheShipofFools

InfluencedPieterBruegheltheElder

Surrealism

JoanMiró

HieronymusBosch(Englishpronunciation:/?ha???r?n?m?sb??/,Dutch:[?ie???o?nim?s?b?s];bornJeroenAnthoniszoonvanAken[j??runɑn?to?n?so?nvɑn?a?k?(n)];c.2October1453–August9,1516)wasanEarlyNetherlandishpainterofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.Theartist'sworkiswell-knownfortheuseoffantasticimagerytoillustratemoralandreligiousconceptsandnarratives.[2]

Contents[hide]

1Life

2Art

3Interpretation

4Debatesonattribution

5Works

6Notes

7References

8Externallinks

[edit]Life

HieronymusBoschwasbornHieronymus(orJeroen)vanAken(meaning"fromAachen").HesignedanumberofhispaintingsasBosch(pronouncedBossinDutch).Thenamederivesfromhisbirthplace,'s-Hertogenbosch,whichiscommonlycalled"DenBosch".

LittleisknownofBosch’slifeortraining.Heleftbehindnolettersordiaries,andwhathasbeenidentifiedhasbeentakenfrombriefreferencestohiminthemunicipalrecordsof's-Hertogenbosch,andintheaccountbooksofthelocalorderoftheBrotherhoodofOurLady.Nothingisknownofhispersonalityorhisthoughtsonthemeaningofhisart.Bosch’sdateofbirthhasnotbeendeterminedwithcertainty.Itisestimatedatc.1450onthebasisofahanddrawnportrait(whichmaybeaself-portrait)madeshortlybeforehisdeathin1516.Thedrawingshowstheartistatanadvancedage,probablyinhislatesixties.[1]

DetailfromTheTemptationofSt.AnthonyBoschwasbornandlivedallhislifeinandnear‘s-Hertogenbosch,thecapitaloftheDutchprovinceofBrabant.Hisgrandfather,JanvanAken(died1454),wasapainterandisfirstmentionedintherecordsin1430.ItisknownthatJanhadfivesons,fourofwhomwerealsopainters.Bosch’sfather,AnthoniusvanAken(diedc.1478)actedasartisticadvisertotheBrotherhoodofOurLady.[3]ItisgenerallyassumedthateitherBosch’sfatheroroneofhisunclestaughttheartisttopaint,howevernoneoftheirworkssurvive.[4]Boschfirstappearsinthemunicipalrecordin1474,whenheisnamedalongwithtwobrothersandasister.

's-HertogenboschwasaflourishingcityinfifteenthcenturyBrabant,inthesouthofthepresent-dayNetherlands.In1463,4,000housesinthetownweredestroyedbyacatastrophicfire,whichthethen(approximately)13-year-oldBoschmayhavewitnessed.Hebecameapopularpainterinhislifetimeandoftenreceivedcommissionsfromabroad.In1488hejoinedthehighlyrespectedBrotherhoodofOurLady,anarch-conservativereligiousgroupofsome40influentialcitizensof's-Hertogenbosch,and7,000'outer-members'fromaroundEurope.

Sometimebetween1479and1481,BoschmarriedAleytGoyaertsvandenMeerveen,whowasafewyearsolderthantheartist.ThecouplemovedtothenearbytownofOirschot,wherehiswifehadinheritedahouseandland,fromherwealthyfamily.[5]

AnentryintheaccountsoftheBrotherhoodofOurLadyrecordsBosch’sdeathin1516.AfuneralmassservedinhismemorywasheldinthechurchofSaintJohnon9Augustofthatyear.[6]

[edit]Art

TheGardenofEarthlyDelightsisBosch'smostwidelyknowntriptychBoschproducedseveraltriptychs.AmonghismostfamousisTheGardenofEarthlyDelights.ThispaintingdepictsparadisewithAdamandEveandmanywondrousanimalsontheleftpanel,theearthlydelightswithnumerousnudefiguresandtremendousfruitandbirdsonthemiddlepanel,andhellwithdepictionsoffantasticpunishmentsofthevarioustypesofsinnersontherightpanel.Whentheexteriorpanelsareclosedtheviewercansee,paintedingrisaille,GodcreatingtheEarth.Thesepaintingshavearoughsurfacefromtheapplicationofpaint;thiscontrastswiththetraditionalFlemishstyleofpaintings,wherethesmoothsurfaceattemptstohidethefactthatthepaintingisman-made.

Boschneverdatedhispaintingsandmayhavesignedonlysomeofthem(othersignaturesarecertainlynothis).Fewerthan25paintingsremaintodaythatcanbeattributedtohim.PhilipIIofSpainacquiredmanyofBosch'spaintingsafterthepainter'sdeath;asaresult,thePradoMuseuminMadridnowownsseveralofhisworks,includingTheGardenofEarthlyDelights.

[edit]Interpretation

InearliercenturiesitwasoftenbelievedthatBosch’sartwasinspiredbymedievalheresiesandobscurehermeticpractices.Othersthoughtthathisworkwascreatedmerelytotitillateandamuse,muchlikethe"grotteschi"oftheItalianRenaissance.Whiletheartoftheoldermasterswasbasedinthephysicalworldofeverydayexperience,Boschconfrontshisviewerwith,inthewordsofthearthistorianWalterGibson,"aworldofdreams[and]nightmaresinwhichformsseemtoflickerandchangebeforeoureyes."InthefirstknownaccountofBosch’spaintings,in1560theSpaniardFelipedeGuevarawrotethatBoschwasregardedmerelyas"theinventorofmonstersandchimeras".Intheearlyseventeenthcentury,theDutcharthistorianKarelvanManderdescribedBosch’sworkascomprising"wondrousandstrangefantasies";however,heconcludedthatthepaintingsare"oftenlesspleasantthangruesometolookat."[7]

Inthetwentiethcentury,scholarshavecometoviewBosch’svisionaslessfantastic,andacceptedthathisartreflectstheorthodoxreligiousbeliefsystemsofhisage.Hisdepictionsofsinfulhumanity,hisconceptionsofHeavenandHellarenowseenasconsistentwiththoseoflatemedievaldidacticliteratureandsermons.Mostwritersattachamoreprofoundsignificancetohispaintingsthanhadpreviouslybeensupposed,andattempttointerpretitintermsofalatemedievalmorality.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatBosch’sartwascreatedtoteachspecificmoralandspiritualtruthsinthemannerofotherNorthernRenaissancefigures,suchasthepoetRobertHenryson,andthattheimagesrenderedhavepreciseandpremeditatedsignificance.AccordingtoDirkBax,Bosch’spaintingsoftenrepresentvisualtranslationsofverbalmetaphorsandpunsdrawnfrombothbiblicalandfolkloricsources.[8]

However,somewritersseeBoschasaproto-typemedievalsurrealist,andparallelsareoftenmadewiththetwentiethcenturySpanishartistSalvadorDali.OtherwritersattempttointerprethisimageryusingthelanguageofFreudianpsychology.Howeversuchthesesarecommonlyrejected;accordingtoGibson,"whatwechoosetocallthelibidowasdenouncedbythemedievalchurchasoriginalsin;whatweseeastheexpressionofthesubconsciousmindwasfortheMiddleAgesthepromptingsofGodortheDevil."[9]

TheartistSusanDorotheaWhitehasproducedcontemporaryinterpretationsofBosch'scompositions-TheCrowningwithSexismcombinesiconographicimagesofMarilynMonroeandJoeDiMaggio,andTheSevenDeadlySinsofModernTimesandTheSevenDeadlyIsms,bothoncirculartables,depictcontemporarysinsandobsessions.

[edit]Debatesonattribution

TheexactnumberofBosch'ssurvivingworkshasbeenasubjectofconsiderabledebate.Hesignedonlysevenofhispaintings,andthereisuncertaintywhetherallthepaintingsonceascribedtohimwereactuallyfromhishand.Itisknownthatfromtheearlysixteenthcenturyonwardsnumerouscopiesandvariationsofhispaintingsbegantocirculate.Inaddition,hisstylewashighlyinfluential,andwaswidelyimitatedbyhisnumerousfollowers.[10]

Overtheyears,scholarshaveattributedtohimfewerandfeweroftheworksoncethoughttobehis,andtodayonly25aredefinitivelyascribedtohim.

[edit]Works

Mainarticle:WorksofHieronymusBosch

[edit]Notes

^abGibson,15-16

^CatherineB.Scallen,TheArtoftheNorthernRenaissance(Chantilly:TheTeachingCompany,2007)Lecture26

^Gibson,15,17

^Gibson,19

^Valery,Paul."ThePhaseofDoubt,ACriticalReflection".

^Gibson,18

^Gibson,9

^Bax,1949.

^Gibson,12

^Gibson,163

[edit]References

Bax,Dirk.(1949),“OntcijferingvanJeroenBosch”.DenHaag.

Gibson,WalterS(1973).“HieronymusBosch”.NewYork:ThamesandHudson.ISBN0-5002-O134-X

Koldeweij,Jos&BernardVermet&BarberavanKooij:HieronymusBosch.NewInsightsIntoHisLifeandWork,NAiPublishers,Rotterdam2001.ISBN9-0566-2214-5

中文:

希罗尼穆斯·波希

传为希罗尼穆斯·波希的自画像(大约于1560年)

本名JeroenvanAken

出生1450

逝世1516

国籍荷兰

希罗尼穆斯·波希(HieronymusBosch,其真名为JeroenvanAken,另名JeroenBosch;西元1450年-西元1516年八月)是一位十五至十六世纪的多产荷兰画家。他多数的画作多在描绘罪恶与人类道德的沉沦。波希以恶魔、半人半兽甚至是机械的形象来表现人的邪恶。他的图画复杂,有高度的原创性、想像力,并大量使用各式的象征与符号,其中有些甚至在他的时代中也非常晦涩难解。波希被认为是20世纪的超现实主义的启发者之一。

他的真名是Jheronimus(或Jeroen)vanAken,意思是“亚琛来的人”。他在一部份画作上署名Bosch(荷兰文,音近英文Boss),取自他的出生地斯海尔托亨博斯。在西班牙文中他则多被称为ElBosco。

波希出生于绘画世家,他的双亲分别是荷兰与德国人。他大部分的人生都在斯海尔托亨博斯渡过,这是十五世纪当时布拉班特(今荷兰南部)一个热闹的城市。1463年时,约13岁的他可能曾目睹在当地发生的严重火灾。不久之后他成为知名的画家,甚至曾接到海外的委托。1488年他加入了“OurLady”兄弟会,一个极端保守的信仰组织,由40位斯海尔托亨博斯当地有权势的市民,以及欧洲各地7000多名的会员组成。

目录[隐藏]

1风格

2作品列表

2.1已完成的三连画(Triptych)

2.2未完成的三连画

2.3油彩画

2.4素描

3琐事

4大众文化

5参考资料

6外部链接

[编辑]风格

《地狱》,乐园的右幅。波希制作了多幅三连画(triptych)——绘在三片接合起来的木质屏风上的画作,其中最有名的是《乐园》(TheGardenofEarthlyDelights,亦作《尘世乐园》[1])。这件三连画的左幅,描绘了乐园中的亚当与夏娃与众多奇妙的生物;中幅以大量裸身的人体、巨大的水果和鸟类描写人间的乐园;右幅则是地狱的情境,充斥着大量造型奇幻的狱卒,以怪异的酷刑逞罚各式罪人。三件画作合起时,观赏者可见上帝创造地球的灰色装饰画。

这些画作有一层较粗糙的颜料表层,与传统法兰德斯(Flemish)风格,以平滑的表面修饰人为的不自然的手法大异其趣。

到了晚年时,波希的风格已有所转变,改以描绘大型、接近观赏者的人物为表现方式。代表作是带刺冠的基督(ChristCrownedwithThorns)。

波希从未在画作上注明日期,也仅在部分作品上签名(某些签名则被认为并非本人);总括来说,目前确认出自波希之手的画作,仅有25幅。西班牙国王腓力二世在他死后收藏了他的大部分作品,因此目前西班牙马德里的普拉多美术馆(PradoMuseum)有最丰富的波希作品收藏,包括“乐园”。

稍晚期的法兰德斯画家布勒哲尔受波希影响,其作品风格与波希相当近似,如1562年之死亡的胜利(TheTriumphofDeath)。

[编辑]作品列表

波希的各式画作可能有不同的译名。在此采用英文名称;连结将连入英文维基百科。

[编辑]已完成的三连画(Triptych)

Haywain(1500–1515)

TheGardenofEarthlyDelights(乐园,1466年)

TheTemptationofSt.Anthony(圣安东尼的诱惑)

TheLastJudgement(最后的审判,1482年)

TheEpiphany(TheAdorationoftheMagi)(东方三贤者的朝拜,1510年)

TheCrucifixionofStJulia

[编辑]未完成的三连画

ChristCarryingtheCross(Madrid版本)

ChristCarryingtheCross(1515-1516)

TheLastJudgement(1506-08)

记注为1494年后;曾为三连画但现今其他部分已佚失:

TheShipofFools

AllegoryofGluttonyandLust

DeathoftheMiser

[编辑]油彩画

AdorationoftheChild

ChristCarryingtheCross(1480s)

ChristCrownedwithThorns(1495-1500)

ChristCrownedwithThorns(ElEscorial版本)

CrucifixionWithaDonor(1483后)

DeathoftheReprobate

EcceHomo(1476后)

EcceHomo(1490s)

St.JeromeatPrayer(c.1505)

St.ChristopherCarryingtheChristChild(1490–1500)

St.JohntheBaptistintheWilderness(1495后)

St.JohntheEvangelistonPatmos(1490后)

TheConjurer(1500s)

TheExtractionoftheStoneofMadness(TheCureofFolly)(1500后)

TheMarriageFeastatCana(1500)

TheSevenDeadlySinsandtheFourLastThings(1500–1510)

TheWayfarer

收藏于威尼斯公爵府的四张系列木板画;1490之后

AscentoftheBlessed

TerrestrialParadise

FalloftheDamned

Hell

[编辑]素描

AnimalStudies

BeehiveandWitches

Beggars

BeggarsandCripples

ChristCarryingTheCross

DeathoftheMiser

GroupofMaleFigures

MaryandJohnattheFootoftheCross

NestofOwls

PortraitofHieronymusBosch

ScenesinHell

Studies

StudiesofMonsters

TemptationofStAnthony

TheEntombment

TheHearingForestandtheSeeingField

TheShipofFools

TheShipofFoolsinFlames

Tree-Man

TwoCaricaturedHeads

TwoMonsters

TwoWitches

Witches

[编辑]琐事

波希在2004年选出的“最伟大的荷兰人(DeGrootsteNederlander)”中列居第63位。[2]

[编辑]大众文化

在作家麦可?康纳利的小说中,主角之名HieronymusHarryBosch即是以波希为灵感。此外,在康纳利2001年的作品“ADarknessMoreThanNight”情节中,波希的画作有重要的份量。

童书绘本“Pish,Posh,SaidHieronymusBosch”中,波希画作中的各种生物,在一位画家与他的女友家里变成活生生的生命。

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